“A baby puffin is called a puffling! It stays hidden deep inside its dark underground burrow until it is ready to fly out to sea at night.”
Atlantic puffins spend most of the year at sea and return to North Atlantic cliffs and islands to breed in burrows. Grooved bills and backward-pointing mouth spines let adults carry several small fish at once to a waiting chick.
By An Nguyen · Published · Updated
Browse photographs of Atlantic puffin across habitat, behavior, anatomy, and life stages.
Click any photo to view it larger. 8 images available.
Core article
A closer look at habitat, diet, behavior, reproduction, and conservation.
The Atlantic puffin is a small, robust seabird with a colorful beak and an upright, waddling gait, often referred to as the "Clown of the Ocean" or the "Sea Parrot." For the majority of the year it is a pelagic bird, riding out winter storms alone on the surface of the open North Atlantic Ocean. As the northern hemisphere warms, puffins return to the coastal cliffs of Europe and North America for a highly social breeding season. It is a specialized marine predator, with physiological adaptations that allow it to "fly" hundreds of feet beneath the ocean surface to secure prey for its subterranean offspring.
The Atlantic puffin (Fratercula arctica) is classified within the kingdom Animalia, phylum Chordata, and class Aves. It is a prominent member of the order Charadriiformes, a diverse group of shorebirds and seabirds. More specifically, they belong to the family Alcidae (the auks), a lineage of Northern Hemisphere seabirds that superficially resemble penguins due to convergent evolution, despite being entirely unrelated and, crucially, retaining the ability to fly.
The genus Fratercula, which translates from Latin to "little brother" (likely referencing their upright posture resembling a monk in robes), contains three extant species of puffins: the Atlantic puffin, the Horned puffin, and the Tufted puffin. The Atlantic puffin is the only species native to the Atlantic Ocean. Evolutionary pressures sculpted the Alcidae family into pursuit-diving specialists. Over millions of years, the puffin's anatomy compromised aerial efficiency in favor of hydrodynamic supremacy, resulting in a bird that uses the exact same biomechanical wing motions to soar through the air and to propel itself through dense oceanic water.
The Atlantic puffin is a small but dense, solidly built bird. Adults measure roughly 26 to 29 centimeters in length—standing about 20 centimeters tall when upright—and weigh between 380 and 480 grams. Their plumage is classic countershading: pitch-black on their dorsal (back and head) surfaces to blend in with the dark ocean depths from above, and brilliant white on their ventral (belly) surfaces to blend with the bright sky when viewed from below.
The most iconic anatomical feature of the Atlantic puffin is, undoubtedly, its massive, laterally flattened beak. During the spring breeding season, the bill transforms into a vibrant canvas of deep orange, bright yellow, and slate blue, bordered by a fleshy yellow rosette at the base. This striking coloration is strictly an ornamental trait driven by sexual selection to attract mates. After the breeding season, in a process known as catastrophic molt, the puffin sheds the colorful outer plates of its beak, leaving it noticeably smaller and dull gray for the harsh winter months.
A puffin can hold several small fish crosswise in its bill while continuing to forage. Backward-pointing structures along the upper bill and a rough tongue help pin earlier catches in place when the bill opens again. The number carried varies with prey size and local feeding conditions; unusually large photographed loads should not be treated as typical.
Their short, stubby wings are heavily adapted for swimming. To maintain flight in the air, a puffin must flap its wings frantically—up to 400 beats per minute—allowing it to reach flight speeds of 55 mph (88 km/h). However, underwater, these short wings act as powerful, highly efficient flippers, while their webbed feet serve as rudders, enabling them to dive to depths of 200 feet (60 meters) in pursuit of agile fish.
The Atlantic puffin is endemic to the North Atlantic Ocean. Their distribution spans the expansive, frigid waters between the eastern coast of North America and the western coast of Europe. Major breeding populations are found in Iceland (which hosts over half of the global population), Norway, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Greenland, and the Atlantic provinces of Canada, stretching down to the northern coast of the United States in Maine.
The puffin's biome shifts drastically depending on the season. From late summer until the following spring, their habitat is entirely pelagic; they live continuously on the open ocean, far from any landmass, resting and sleeping directly on the water's surface while weathering brutal Arctic storms.
During the breeding season (April to August), they transition to coastal and tundra biomes. They heavily favor remote, predator-free rocky islands and steep coastal cliffs topped with a deep layer of soft, grassy soil. This specific geological requirement is non-negotiable, as Atlantic puffins are burrowing nesters that require soft earth to excavate their subterranean homes above the crashing waves.
Atlantic puffins are highly active marine carnivores. Their diet is heavily dependent on small, silvery, schooling forage fish that are rich in lipids (fats). The primary staple of their diet across most of their range is the sand eel (Ammodytes). They also heavily consume capelin, sprats, juvenile herring, and occasionally small pelagic crustaceans and squid.
Puffins hunt entirely by sight in the clear, cold waters of the North Atlantic. They are pursuit divers, plunging into the water from the surface or directly from flight. Once submerged, they literally fly through the water using their powerful wings for propulsion. They are highly agile underwater, capable of rapid twists and turns to chase down evasive schooling fish.
During the breeding season, foraging demands skyrocket as they must constantly commute between the ocean and their cliffside burrows to feed their chick. The ability to carry multiple fish simultaneously is a critical feeding strategy, vastly increasing their foraging efficiency by reducing the number of high-energy trips required to transport food back to the colony.
During the long winter months at sea, puffins are generally solitary or dispersed in small, loose flocks. However, when they return to land to breed, they exhibit massive, highly social, and incredibly dense colonial behavior. Puffin colonies, known as puffinries, can contain tens of thousands of breeding pairs, creating a chaotic, bustling, and noisy environment.
Puffins are socially complex birds that typically mate for life, demonstrating remarkable site fidelity by returning to the exact same burrow year after year. When reunited at the colony, a mated pair engages in a distinct courtship and bonding ritual known as "billing," where they repeatedly rub their large, colorful beaks together, accompanied by low, grunting vocalizations.
They are highly industrious on land. Both sexes use their sharp claws and strong beaks to excavate burrows into the turf, which can extend up to three feet deep into the soil. Within the colony, they are generally peaceable but will fiercely defend the immediate entrance to their burrow from trespassing neighbors or aggressive, kleptoparasitic birds like skuas and gulls, which constantly attempt to steal their hard-caught fish.
The breeding season is a frantic period of activity. Deep within the safety of their dark, excavated burrow, the female puffin lays a single, relatively large white egg. Both the male and female share the grueling incubation duties, which last approximately 39 to 45 days.
The newly hatched chick, known as a puffling, is semi-precocial, covered in soft, black down. Unlike the parents, the puffling remains hidden deep underground for its entire rearing period, protected from aerial predators and extreme weather. The parents work tirelessly for about 45 days, making continuous trips to the ocean to bring back mouthfuls of fish to satiate the rapidly growing chick.
As the end of the breeding season approaches, a fascinating biological process occurs: the parents simply stop feeding the chick and abandon the burrow, heading back out to the open ocean. Driven by hunger, the fully feathered puffling emerges from the burrow at night to avoid predators, scrambles down the cliff face, and plunges into the dark ocean. Operating entirely on instinct, the young puffin immediately begins swimming, diving, and hunting for itself. They will spend the next 3 to 5 years entirely at sea before reaching sexual maturity and returning to the cliffs to breed. In the wild, Atlantic puffins are remarkably long-lived, often reaching 20 to 30 years of age.
(Population and conservation trend data sourced from the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species)
The Atlantic puffin is currently classified as "Vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, with global population trends indicating a concerning and continuous decrease. While massive colonies still exist, primarily in Iceland, repeated years of widespread breeding failures have alarmed ornithologists worldwide.
The most catastrophic threat facing Atlantic puffins is the climate-driven collapse of their food web. Rapidly warming sea surface temperatures in the North Atlantic are shifting ocean currents and altering the distribution and abundance of crucial forage fish, particularly sand eels and capelin. When the fish move deeper or further north seeking colder water, the puffins cannot find enough food within commuting distance of their colonies, leading to mass starvation of pufflings in their burrows.
Overfishing of these same forage fish species by commercial industrial fleets further depletes the puffins' vital food supply. Additionally, puffins are highly susceptible to marine pollution, particularly catastrophic oil spills, which destroy the critical waterproofing of their feathers, leading to hypothermia and drowning. On land, the introduction of invasive predators such as rats, mink, and red foxes to previously isolated breeding islands can decimate a colony in a single season, devouring eggs, chicks, and adult birds in their burrows.
Kingdom
Animalia
Phylum
Chordata
Class
Aves
Order
Charadriiformes
Family
Alcidae
Genus
Fratercula
Species
F. arctica
A baby puffin is called a puffling! It stays hidden deep inside its dark underground burrow until it is ready to fly out to sea at night.
Puffins are incredible flyers, flapping their wings up to 400 times a minute to fly at speeds up to 55 miles per hour.
They are also amazing divers, using their wings to 'fly' underwater to depths of 200 feet (60 meters) to catch fish.
A puffin's beak has special spines on the roof of its mouth and a flexible hinge, allowing it to carry up to 60 small fish at once to feed its baby!
Puffins spend the entire winter alone on the open ocean, far away from land, sleeping on the water's surface.
To show affection and renew their lifelong partnership, a mated pair of puffins will rub their colorful bills together in a behavior called 'billing'.
Select a question to reveal the answer.
An Atlantic puffin is a small seabird belonging to the auk family, known for its colorful orange beak and penguin-like appearance.
They spend their winters on the open waters of the North Atlantic Ocean and return to rocky coasts and grassy clifftops in countries like Iceland, Canada, and the UK to breed in summer.
They are carnivores that eat mostly small fish like sand eels and capelin, diving deep underwater to catch them.
They nest in burrows or rocky crevices on sea cliffs and islands around the North Atlantic.
Their beaks become brighter during breeding season and help adults display to potential mates.
Atlantic puffins are listed as Vulnerable because warming seas, prey changes, and some fishing pressures affect colonies.
Related animals
